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good afternoon i'm stephanie shearholtz

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from nasa's office of communications

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we're here at the kennedy space center

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today to talk with scientists and

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researchers about the important studies

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they will be conducting in microgravity

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it's a good day to be talking about

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space exploration and advancements in

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science today is the 54th anniversary of

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yuri gagarin's launch and the 34th

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anniversary of the first space shuttle

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launch

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tomorrow at 4 33 pm eastern time spacex

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will launch its sixth commercial

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resupply services mission to the

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international space station

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here today to talk with us about some of

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the approximately 40 science

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investigations directly supported by

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this launch

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are dr marshall porterfield division

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director space life and physical

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sciences nasa's human exploration and

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operations mission directorate at nasa

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headquarters

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dr kirk costello

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international space station deputy chief

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scientist at nasa's johnson space center

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dr

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noel clark professor of physics at the

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university of colorado boulder and

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principal investigator for the oasis

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investigation

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and dr paula devitti piovic associate

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professor of molecular and cell biology

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at the goldman school of dental medicine

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at boston university and the director of

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the bone cell core at massachusetts

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general hospital she's the principal

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investigator for osteo 4 investigation

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our intent today is to enable discussion

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so we'll take questions throughout our

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talk if you would like to ask a question

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please raise your hand

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dr porterfield can you start us off by

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telling us a little bit about some of

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the studies nasa space life and physical

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sciences division has flying on this

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mission

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yeah we're currently sponsoring uh seven

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payloads scientific payloads that will

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be launched on

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this resupply mission really excited

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about this three of these are

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related to the human research program

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uh the

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uh

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one experiments focusing on intracranial

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pressure and visual impairment fluid

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shifts experiment

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we also have studies looking at a

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diurnal cycle and the interaction

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between light and gravity and sleep

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quality in the crew and we're also

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necessities needed to conduct a twin

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study working with uh scott and mark

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kelly who are twin pairs

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on a study that allows us to look at an

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astronaut in microgravity and his

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genetic twin on the ground over a year

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long period we also have two experiments

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in the physical sciences

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area the ace h1 payload

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and also the oasis experiment both of

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these are

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fluids and materials science research

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projects and we'll hear from dr clark

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later about his experiment he'll go in

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detail we also have two life sciences

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experiments one of them is involved with

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a microbial observatory

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initiative that we've developed out of

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headquarters over the last two years and

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allows us to look at microbes and how

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they respond to microgravity and how are

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they evolving are they being how are

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they adapting to the stress of the

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microgravity environment and it's part

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of the environment as part of the

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environment of the iss and the other is

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the bric 21 experiment which actually is

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culturing bacteria that we will

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look at how they respond to the stress

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of the space flight environment and look

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at

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how they respond to how they how they

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become resistant to antibiotics and

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microgravity

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so you you mentioned um scott kelly and

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the twin study

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how does studying scott for a year in

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space help us with space exploration and

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future space exploration

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well i was lucky enough just a couple

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weeks ago to be at the launch in

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baikonur and i got to spend some time

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with with with mark his brother who is

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the one gravity control and

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um and this is very important in two

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ways one of them is because of the the

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fact that we have genetically paired

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subjects and the integration of the

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10 investigations at the system's

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biology level we've really never

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attempted to do human research at this

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type of level

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of

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biotechnology

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the other part of it is the duration

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because it is a one-year experiment it's

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allowing us to make a leap from six

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months which is our typical crew time on

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the iss to a year and project out to

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what we will need to do to protect

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humans as we explore over longer periods

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of time perhaps mission to mars over

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multi-years

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so uh we'll take some questions from the

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from the group ken i think you had a

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hi ken kramer for uh america's space and

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universe today uh talk a little bit more

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specifically about what experiments are

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actually going up on this mission for

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the twin study please in some detail

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thanks

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um there's

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uh working with the human research

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program in the nasa space biomedical

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research institute at johnson space

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center we solicited for

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individual proposals but when they came

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in we saw how we could integrate them

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into a larger study

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so some of the proposals are actually

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looking at transcriptomic level changes

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so looking at from the genome flows

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information biological information as

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genes are transcribed into proteins

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ultimately or into messages so we now

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have the technology to look at all those

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messages so there's somewhere around 30

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000 genes to make up

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that make up the human genome that are

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part of the human genome

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and we can actually follow all of those

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so some of those are transcriptomics

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some of those we're using

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omix technology to look at the human

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microbiome so there's

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our

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body of knowledge in terms of how we are

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dependent upon our symbiotic

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relationship with the microbes that live

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in and on us is continuing to expand and

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have huge health implications that touch

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touch everyone's life but so we're doing

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those types of studies with the twins to

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look at how does that shift associated

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with the stress of the micro uh

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microgravity environment so in addition

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to these integrated omics approaches

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which are allowing us to look at human

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subjects at this system's biology level

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for the first time we're also doing some

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physiological studies for example

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mental awareness and mental performance

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and how that may be changing in

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microgravity

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and in terms of payloads on this mission

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fluid shifts is directly supported with

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payload on that's launching tomorrow is

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that correct

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yes

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looking at

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human subjects in terms of the overall

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architecture of our bodies how they

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change in the microgravity environment

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fluid shift asp we've known for years

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astronauts get puffy in microgravity

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because the fluids shift up from your

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your feet up to your head and that

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recently we've been able to document how

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that is associated with increasing

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intracranial pressure which may be

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changing the shape of the eye and

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causing visual impairment we need to get

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a handle on those types of problems

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now so that we don't

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so that we can protect the crew in the

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future because that's you know directly

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needed in terms of crew performance our

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ability to see

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hi

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well the one year of

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scott kelly and his russian counterpart

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it's the first time americans have done

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a year in space but obviously the

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russians have previously done it with

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mir are there anything that is there

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anything that came up from these mere

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experiments

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that has triggered a further

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investigation within this this new

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one-year period

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i think the russian scientists learned a

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lot during those times we worked

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directly with the institute for medical

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and biological problems in moscow

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and coordinating these studies so

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the uh years of experience that the

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the russians have developed in terms of

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supporting medical operations and

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medical research

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extending into these extreme long

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periods of times that were that were

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studied in mir

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did come to play um

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in terms of organizing

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our our joint studies associated with

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the one-year mission looking at the

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russian crew member and the american

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crew member a lot of that was

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coordinated

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was led by

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a multilateral research integration

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board

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that was

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headed up

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co-head led by the institute for medical

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and biological problems in moscow and

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the human research program at johnson

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that that was the coordinating board

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where we were able to bring in the the

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expertise of the russians and make sure

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that we are

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we're really approaching these studies

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in them

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another question here

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joshua evans with nasa social is there a

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psychological component to the

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experimentations that will be taking

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place in the twin study on the iss in

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terms of prolonged time and space flight

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differences between

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mr kelly on earth and mr kelly on the

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iss

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yeah that's always an important

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consideration if you look at crew health

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and crew performances how do you deal

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with confinement isolation those sorts

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of issues so that's part of our normal

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medical operations and crew support

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operations but there are some aspects of

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the the twin study that'll take in the

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james in florida today and i'm just

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curious based

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on

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everything you studied so far you know

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with respect to the intracranial

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pressure what are some of the things you

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think can be done to to mitigate that

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because you know presumably you can't

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you know change the fluids uh rising and

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making heads puffier and all that so are

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there any things

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that you've tried so far that are

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helping or what kind of ideas do you

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have about that

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i think one of the

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techniques is

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it's a body suit that applies negative

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pressure to the lower extremities that's

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probably the one approach that's the

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russians have

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used this we use this the same approach

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for

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pilots that are

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doing extreme aerial maneuvers like

289
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fighter pilots use these suits that they

290
00:10:38,550 --> 00:10:36,560
can apply negative pressure to kind of

291
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pull the fluids out of the head so

292
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that's probably one of the um

293
00:10:45,110 --> 00:10:42,720
most important

294
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approaches but obviously

295
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the astronauts can't be in a negative

296
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pressure

297
00:10:51,509 --> 00:10:49,360
suit all the time and really perform

298
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what they need to do in microgravity

299
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is that you know

300
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as a crew member so

301
00:10:57,910 --> 00:10:56,480
um we are we do need to understand the

302
00:10:59,910 --> 00:10:57,920
problem more it's a little bit early to

303
00:11:01,670 --> 00:10:59,920
have talk you know really talk about

304
00:11:03,509 --> 00:11:01,680
counter measures because we do need to

305
00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:03,519
understand we actually need to make the

306
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the scientific connection between the

307
00:11:08,310 --> 00:11:06,480
intracranial pressure and visual

308
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:08,320
impairment that hasn't been done yet so

309
00:11:11,509 --> 00:11:10,480
we're working towards that understanding

310
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and

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mechanistically so we can

312
00:11:22,949 --> 00:11:18,000
so then we can engineer counter measures

313
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all right let's move on a little bit

314
00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:27,519
dr costello you're responsible for the

315
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management of the iss program scientists

316
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and for providing independent scientific

317
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advice to the international space

318
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station

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program nasa research international

320
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:39,680
space station national laboratory

321
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research international research

322
00:11:44,069 --> 00:11:42,720
collaboration and scientific

323
00:11:45,509 --> 00:11:44,079
communications

324
00:11:48,150 --> 00:11:45,519
why are these commercial resupply

325
00:11:50,629 --> 00:11:48,160
missions so important to enabling

326
00:11:52,230 --> 00:11:50,639
studies in microgravity

327
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thank you stephanie that that's a great

328
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question because as you know we have

329
00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:56,240
multiple providers who are able to

330
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launch cargo into space

331
00:12:02,629 --> 00:12:00,160
several of those are international

332
00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:02,639
partners and their vehicles that do so

333
00:12:07,670 --> 00:12:05,440
but spacex is one of our key commercial

334
00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:07,680
partners and they're key because they

335
00:12:12,629 --> 00:12:09,920
support the capability to do sortie

336
00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:12,639
missions so sortie missions are missions

337
00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:15,760
where we have a difficult biological

338
00:12:20,790 --> 00:12:18,160
constraint or a temperature constraint

339
00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:20,800
need to get that science on orbit have

340
00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:23,040
it conducted quickly and return those

341
00:12:28,629 --> 00:12:25,440
samples to the ground right now spacex

342
00:12:30,949 --> 00:12:28,639
is a real only provider that can provide

343
00:12:33,190 --> 00:12:30,959
us that return capability

344
00:12:34,949 --> 00:12:33,200
that's great and and research conducted

345
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:34,959
on the space station spans a variety of

346
00:12:38,629 --> 00:12:36,560
scientific disciplines as we've started

347
00:12:39,910 --> 00:12:38,639
to hear already can you tell us about

348
00:12:42,550 --> 00:12:39,920
some of the disciplines that are

349
00:12:45,509 --> 00:12:42,560
conducting research in space sure

350
00:12:48,629 --> 00:12:45,519
the spacex 6 mission the crs-6 mission

351
00:12:50,710 --> 00:12:48,639
is a great example of how it's bringing

352
00:12:53,150 --> 00:12:50,720
science to the space station that

353
00:12:55,269 --> 00:12:53,160
emphasizes its capability as a

354
00:12:56,710 --> 00:12:55,279
multi-disciplinary lab

355
00:12:58,710 --> 00:12:56,720
it's bringing

356
00:13:02,069 --> 00:12:58,720
physical sciences

357
00:13:04,629 --> 00:13:02,079
samples to orbit as we heard about with

358
00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:04,639
oasis for dr noel clark that's a liquid

359
00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:07,600
crystal experiment it's also providing

360
00:13:12,310 --> 00:13:09,760
biological samples that will be going to

361
00:13:14,710 --> 00:13:12,320
orbit and biological investigations such

362
00:13:17,509 --> 00:13:14,720
as our rodent research 2 mission and the

363
00:13:19,430 --> 00:13:17,519
osteocytes we'll hear about later

364
00:13:21,670 --> 00:13:19,440
it also enables a lot of the human

365
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:21,680
research that we do on orbit by bringing

366
00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:23,760
up supplies and equipment to enable

367
00:13:27,670 --> 00:13:25,680
those studies like the twin studies and

368
00:13:30,389 --> 00:13:27,680
the fluid shift studies

369
00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:30,399
and so we get this question quite a bit

370
00:13:34,870 --> 00:13:32,320
how does this research in space benefit

371
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:34,880
us here on earth and that's another

372
00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:37,600
really good question because the iss is

373
00:13:42,949 --> 00:13:39,760
a very unique vehicle

374
00:13:46,069 --> 00:13:42,959
it's it's unique in the aspect that

375
00:13:47,509 --> 00:13:46,079
for nasa vehicles it really serves two

376
00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:47,519
purposes

377
00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:50,720
it has a primary goal of being able to

378
00:13:54,150 --> 00:13:52,800
provide

379
00:13:55,990 --> 00:13:54,160
knowledge for our

380
00:13:58,389 --> 00:13:56,000
exploration mission for our continued

381
00:14:01,030 --> 00:13:58,399
exploration of the solar system

382
00:14:02,870 --> 00:14:01,040
it also

383
00:14:04,710 --> 00:14:02,880
by its designation as a national

384
00:14:06,949 --> 00:14:04,720
laboratory has taken on the unique

385
00:14:09,670 --> 00:14:06,959
challenge to provide benefits for

386
00:14:11,030 --> 00:14:09,680
humanity so the national lab science

387
00:14:14,629 --> 00:14:11,040
that's selected

388
00:14:16,710 --> 00:14:14,639
is identified particularly for how

389
00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:16,720
study in these particular fields might

390
00:14:21,430 --> 00:14:19,440
be useful to develop treatments

391
00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:21,440
materials

392
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:23,760
industry that will benefit life here on

393
00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:25,199
earth

394
00:14:37,350 --> 00:14:35,189
okay well phillips zero g news i was

395
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:37,360
actually just curious obviously the iss

396
00:14:39,910 --> 00:14:38,720
has now been up there a significant

397
00:14:41,829 --> 00:14:39,920
period of time

398
00:14:43,590 --> 00:14:41,839
is um are there any experiments that

399
00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:43,600
have been coming through all the way

400
00:14:47,910 --> 00:14:44,800
through from

401
00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:47,920
uh when it was first

402
00:14:53,509 --> 00:14:50,720
started off as an actual research

403
00:14:56,310 --> 00:14:53,519
uh capability or if not what is the

404
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:56,320
longest one that's been running up there

405
00:15:00,150 --> 00:14:58,480
that's a that's a good question um

406
00:15:01,829 --> 00:15:00,160
certainly we have been conducting

407
00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:01,839
experiments onboard the space station

408
00:15:06,069 --> 00:15:03,600
since the very first expedition was

409
00:15:08,389 --> 00:15:06,079
aboard and some of those longest running

410
00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:08,399
experiments have been uh human health

411
00:15:13,110 --> 00:15:10,000
related experiments

412
00:15:14,949 --> 00:15:13,120
so in order to get the

413
00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:14,959
scientific power you need for a lot of

414
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,680
these analyses you need to have a number

415
00:15:22,710 --> 00:15:19,920
of subjects go through

416
00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:22,720
the investigation and right now many of

417
00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:23,519
our

418
00:15:28,550 --> 00:15:26,480
human health related investigations

419
00:15:29,509 --> 00:15:28,560
those that are there to address the

420
00:15:32,230 --> 00:15:29,519
risks

421
00:15:34,069 --> 00:15:32,240
for human space flight in the future are

422
00:15:36,069 --> 00:15:34,079
about midway

423
00:15:38,069 --> 00:15:36,079
through their investigation some have

424
00:15:41,030 --> 00:15:38,079
completed and that takes about 10

425
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:41,040
expeditions so again those are typically

426
00:15:45,670 --> 00:15:43,440
our longest running investigations we

427
00:15:48,389 --> 00:15:45,680
have some investigations going on now

428
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:48,399
like sprint which is a cardiovascular

429
00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:50,880
investigation that has had several

430
00:16:00,550 --> 00:15:52,800
subjects over the course of time and

431
00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:02,790
hi my name is jessica from the national

432
00:16:06,790 --> 00:16:05,040
nasa social

433
00:16:08,710 --> 00:16:06,800
since the space shuttle program has been

434
00:16:10,069 --> 00:16:08,720
retired and we've been using you know

435
00:16:12,310 --> 00:16:10,079
different different varieties of

436
00:16:14,710 --> 00:16:12,320
vehicles to get up there are we getting

437
00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:14,720
the same amount of payloads as we were

438
00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:17,680
before or more

439
00:16:21,350 --> 00:16:19,600
um also a good question actually right

440
00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:21,360
now we're getting many more payloads

441
00:16:26,470 --> 00:16:23,120
than we have in the past and that's

442
00:16:28,949 --> 00:16:26,480
primarily from the fact that

443
00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:28,959
after the space station

444
00:16:33,910 --> 00:16:31,600
was completed the assembly was completed

445
00:16:35,829 --> 00:16:33,920
we were able to dedicate the the mission

446
00:16:37,990 --> 00:16:35,839
of our crew on board to performing

447
00:16:41,269 --> 00:16:38,000
science so the amount of crew time

448
00:16:43,829 --> 00:16:41,279
available has gone up significantly

449
00:16:46,470 --> 00:16:43,839
and enabled us to do more science on

450
00:16:48,790 --> 00:16:46,480
board compared to a shuttle mission

451
00:16:50,870 --> 00:16:48,800
which of course may have gone as long as

452
00:16:52,230 --> 00:16:50,880
17 days but now we're in orbit

453
00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:52,240
continuously

454
00:16:57,590 --> 00:16:54,800
and about how many hours a week is that

455
00:17:00,710 --> 00:16:57,600
that works out to about 35 hours a week

456
00:17:02,790 --> 00:17:00,720
of pure utilization time of course the

457
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:02,800
time the crew spends exercising and so

458
00:17:06,870 --> 00:17:04,799
forth isn't counted into that but it

459
00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:06,880
does go into the data collection for a

460
00:17:15,429 --> 00:17:12,470
so we also have with us

461
00:17:17,429 --> 00:17:15,439
dr mike roberts who is here from

462
00:17:19,510 --> 00:17:17,439
cases the center for the advancement of

463
00:17:21,829 --> 00:17:19,520
science and space can you tell us a

464
00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:21,839
little bit about how cases operates as a

465
00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:23,280
national laboratory

466
00:17:28,069 --> 00:17:25,280
thanks stephanie yes i'd like to so

467
00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:28,079
cases is a is a new player to this game

468
00:17:32,789 --> 00:17:30,320
cases is the center for the advancement

469
00:17:35,270 --> 00:17:32,799
of science and space as stephanie said

470
00:17:37,350 --> 00:17:35,280
we are a 501c3 that means we're a

471
00:17:39,990 --> 00:17:37,360
non-profit company that operates through

472
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:40,000
a cooperative agreement with nasa

473
00:17:42,789 --> 00:17:41,039
we've been operating through that

474
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:42,799
cooperative agreement going on almost

475
00:17:46,390 --> 00:17:44,400
four years now we're in our third year

476
00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:46,400
of flight operations and

477
00:17:51,029 --> 00:17:48,160
we call each of our years of flight

478
00:17:53,350 --> 00:17:51,039
operations advancing research knowledge

479
00:17:54,870 --> 00:17:53,360
arc 3 is our current

480
00:17:57,750 --> 00:17:54,880
current operation

481
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:57,760
and our mission is to support research

482
00:18:01,909 --> 00:17:59,440
and technology development on the

483
00:18:04,310 --> 00:18:01,919
international space station national lab

484
00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:04,320
and provide that capability to

485
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:06,960
new to space investigators and enable

486
00:18:11,510 --> 00:18:09,760
investigations from academic sectors as

487
00:18:13,909 --> 00:18:11,520
nasa continues to do

488
00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:13,919
in addition to open up new pathways for

489
00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:16,480
exploration art research and technology

490
00:18:19,909 --> 00:18:17,760
development of interest to the

491
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:19,919
commercial sector and other government

492
00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:21,360
agencies and by other government

493
00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:22,400
agencies

494
00:18:26,070 --> 00:18:24,559
we mean comp we mean research

495
00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:26,080
institutions represented by the

496
00:18:29,750 --> 00:18:27,679
government who have interest in

497
00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:29,760
utilizing the unique environment of the

498
00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:31,520
space station one of those

499
00:18:34,390 --> 00:18:33,120
investigations that will be flying on

500
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:34,400
this particular mission and you'll be

501
00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:36,240
hearing more about in a minute is an

502
00:18:40,150 --> 00:18:38,080
investigation sponsored by the national

503
00:18:42,710 --> 00:18:40,160
institutes of health that will be flying

504
00:18:45,029 --> 00:18:42,720
to station the distinction between what

505
00:18:46,950 --> 00:18:45,039
cases is doing and the market that we

506
00:18:47,750 --> 00:18:46,960
are growing and what nasa continues to

507
00:18:49,029 --> 00:18:47,760
do

508
00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:49,039
is that all of the research and

509
00:18:54,230 --> 00:18:50,880
technology development that case is

510
00:18:56,390 --> 00:18:54,240
sponsored has direct earth benefit so we

511
00:18:59,590 --> 00:18:56,400
seek to enable access to the unique

512
00:19:02,950 --> 00:18:59,600
environment of space to enable companies

513
00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:02,960
academic academic academicians and

514
00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:05,360
those at other government agencies to

515
00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:08,240
utilize the unique environment of space

516
00:19:14,070 --> 00:19:11,840
to benefit us here on earth

517
00:19:16,070 --> 00:19:14,080
so if there's a scientist listening this

518
00:19:17,590 --> 00:19:16,080
listening and and wanting to know how

519
00:19:20,150 --> 00:19:17,600
they can conduct their

520
00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:20,160
research in space how would they go

521
00:19:23,669 --> 00:19:21,600
about doing that

522
00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:23,679
i think stephanie there are a variety of

523
00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:25,600
ways to interact with cases first and

524
00:19:32,270 --> 00:19:28,080
foremost is to contact us directly

525
00:19:36,310 --> 00:19:34,230
www.isshyphencasis.org or just google

526
00:19:37,830 --> 00:19:36,320
cases and center for its sign

527
00:19:39,029 --> 00:19:37,840
advancement of science in space and

528
00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:39,039
you'll find us

529
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:41,120
so we support investigations through a

530
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:43,280
variety of means one pathway are through

531
00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:45,280
solicited investigations

532
00:19:50,230 --> 00:19:47,520
those are formal requests for proposals

533
00:19:52,710 --> 00:19:50,240
where we define an area of research that

534
00:19:54,390 --> 00:19:52,720
we believe can benefit from exposure to

535
00:19:56,230 --> 00:19:54,400
microgravity or the radiation

536
00:19:58,310 --> 00:19:56,240
environment outside of station

537
00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:58,320
and we will fund those investigations to

538
00:20:01,430 --> 00:19:59,600
go to station

539
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:01,440
the more important pathway for the new

540
00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:02,960
to space investigators and for

541
00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:04,559
commercial investigators is an

542
00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:07,200
unsolicited pathway and that's where at

543
00:20:12,630 --> 00:20:09,919
any time of the day or night 365 days a

544
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:12,640
year you can contact cases with an idea

545
00:20:16,230 --> 00:20:14,559
where you believe that you can utilize

546
00:20:18,230 --> 00:20:16,240
the international space station national

547
00:20:20,310 --> 00:20:18,240
lab to benefit your research and

548
00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:20,320
technology development goals and in

549
00:20:24,549 --> 00:20:22,480
those types of solicit those unsolicited

550
00:20:26,470 --> 00:20:24,559
proposals we can work with you to

551
00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:26,480
develop not only the the type of

552
00:20:30,789 --> 00:20:28,880
research that can be supported we can

553
00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:30,799
put you in contact with implementation

554
00:20:34,789 --> 00:20:32,480
implementation partners to help you

555
00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:34,799
develop your payload so that you can

556
00:20:38,950 --> 00:20:36,960
maximize your science return on board

557
00:20:40,230 --> 00:20:38,960
the international space station

558
00:20:41,750 --> 00:20:40,240
and you also work with a number of

559
00:20:44,390 --> 00:20:41,760
student groups right

560
00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:44,400
that's also true everything that we do

561
00:20:49,990 --> 00:20:46,400
from a commercial or other government

562
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:50,000
agency or academic sector has a stem

563
00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:51,760
wrapper around it stem as everyone is

564
00:20:55,110 --> 00:20:53,360
familiar with science technology

565
00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:55,120
engineering and mathematics

566
00:20:59,270 --> 00:20:56,640
in addition to the each of the

567
00:21:01,350 --> 00:20:59,280
individual pi directed payloads we also

568
00:21:03,510 --> 00:21:01,360
continue to support in partnership with

569
00:21:05,590 --> 00:21:03,520
our implementation partners and other

570
00:21:07,750 --> 00:21:05,600
government agencies payloads that are

571
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:07,760
directed directly towards

572
00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:10,480
education enhancement so for students

573
00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:11,520
out there there are variety of

574
00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:13,280
opportunities that we have available

575
00:21:18,149 --> 00:21:14,960
each year through the national design

576
00:21:20,149 --> 00:21:18,159
challenge through other means where

577
00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:20,159
students in high schools and even

578
00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:22,000
younger k-12

579
00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:24,240
can promote and propose science

580
00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:25,600
experiments that can reach the

581
00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:28,000
international space station

582
00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:29,440
that's great do we have any questions

583
00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:32,000
from those in the room

584
00:21:35,510 --> 00:21:34,320
yes gina with nasa social and i was

585
00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:35,520
wondering if you could give me an

586
00:21:39,669 --> 00:21:38,480
example of some successful scientific

587
00:21:41,350 --> 00:21:39,679
research that

588
00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:41,360
you know cases has been involved with

589
00:21:44,390 --> 00:21:43,520
that has benefited from the microgravity

590
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:44,400
environment

591
00:21:47,909 --> 00:21:46,000
thank you yeah so on this particular

592
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:47,919
investigation we're actually sponsoring

593
00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:49,840
two payloads that are returning to space

594
00:21:52,230 --> 00:21:51,200
one of them is a rodent research

595
00:21:53,830 --> 00:21:52,240
experiment

596
00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:53,840
um i believe that at the beginning of

597
00:21:57,110 --> 00:21:55,200
the conversation marshall mentioned the

598
00:21:59,110 --> 00:21:57,120
rodent research one experiment which

599
00:22:01,110 --> 00:21:59,120
flew on space x4

600
00:22:02,950 --> 00:22:01,120
we on that same investigation for rodent

601
00:22:04,950 --> 00:22:02,960
research one sponsored a commercial

602
00:22:07,430 --> 00:22:04,960
investigation from novartis institute's

603
00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:07,440
biomedical research they are now flying

604
00:22:10,870 --> 00:22:09,360
a second rodent research mission on

605
00:22:12,470 --> 00:22:10,880
spacex6

606
00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:12,480
so in the course of two missions they've

607
00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:14,640
been able to be a repeat customer to fly

608
00:22:17,430 --> 00:22:15,520
that

609
00:22:19,029 --> 00:22:17,440
in this particular investigation they're

610
00:22:21,909 --> 00:22:19,039
going to be leveraging upon some of the

611
00:22:25,430 --> 00:22:21,919
same data that the twin study is seeking

612
00:22:28,149 --> 00:22:25,440
to develop from the crew exploration of

613
00:22:29,909 --> 00:22:28,159
life in space for length of a year the

614
00:22:31,270 --> 00:22:29,919
mice aren't going to stay up there for a

615
00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:31,280
year but the mice are going to be able

616
00:22:34,950 --> 00:22:33,280
to experience microgravity for longer

617
00:22:36,789 --> 00:22:34,960
than 45 days in this particular

618
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:36,799
experiment which represents a

619
00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:39,200
significant portion of their lifespan

620
00:22:43,750 --> 00:22:41,760
we also have an investigation from merck

621
00:22:45,909 --> 00:22:43,760
pharmaceutical merck is flying their

622
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:45,919
second experiment on a protein crystal

623
00:22:50,149 --> 00:22:47,919
growth experiment

624
00:22:52,470 --> 00:22:50,159
with cases and they are seeking to

625
00:22:54,070 --> 00:22:52,480
exploit the microgravity environment in

626
00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:54,080
ways that you'll hear more about in just

627
00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:55,120
a minute

628
00:22:59,110 --> 00:22:57,120
for the absence of buoyancy driven

629
00:23:01,270 --> 00:22:59,120
convection in that environment so as

630
00:23:03,110 --> 00:23:01,280
many of you may be familiar protein

631
00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:03,120
crystal growth was a very avid area of

632
00:23:07,909 --> 00:23:05,520
research during the shuttle program and

633
00:23:09,830 --> 00:23:07,919
the capabilities for continuing protein

634
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:09,840
crystal growth experiments have expanded

635
00:23:13,750 --> 00:23:11,760
quite dramatically because of

636
00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:13,760
improvements in the hardware and the

637
00:23:17,029 --> 00:23:15,679
length of time that protein crystals can

638
00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:17,039
be formed in the microgravity

639
00:23:19,990 --> 00:23:18,080
environment

640
00:23:22,070 --> 00:23:20,000
we're also sponsoring an investigation

641
00:23:24,230 --> 00:23:22,080
from a new to space company an

642
00:23:26,630 --> 00:23:24,240
entrepreneur startup company called ras

643
00:23:28,070 --> 00:23:26,640
labs they're interested in using the

644
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:28,080
external environment of the

645
00:23:32,310 --> 00:23:30,480
international space station to determine

646
00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:32,320
the stability the resistance to

647
00:23:35,350 --> 00:23:33,600
degradation

648
00:23:38,630 --> 00:23:35,360
of an elastomer that they're going to be

649
00:23:40,470 --> 00:23:38,640
using in developing robotic systems

650
00:23:41,990 --> 00:23:40,480
and we'll hear more about both of those

651
00:23:43,590 --> 00:23:42,000
in the next panel

652
00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:43,600
following this one i think there was

653
00:23:55,269 --> 00:23:52,549
how have some young adults have you

654
00:23:58,070 --> 00:23:55,279
mentioned uh stem students involve

655
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:58,080
themselves in cases

656
00:24:01,350 --> 00:23:59,200
very good question so there are a

657
00:24:02,470 --> 00:24:01,360
variety of of on-ramps to that we

658
00:24:04,549 --> 00:24:02,480
sponsor

659
00:24:06,789 --> 00:24:04,559
through our stem partners

660
00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:06,799
part of the national design challenge

661
00:24:10,789 --> 00:24:08,720
so what we've been doing today are

662
00:24:12,789 --> 00:24:10,799
pathfinder programs with schools in

663
00:24:15,830 --> 00:24:12,799
certain areas colorado

664
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:15,840
massachusetts and texas to date

665
00:24:18,549 --> 00:24:16,960
and what we offer there are

666
00:24:20,070 --> 00:24:18,559
opportunities access to the

667
00:24:22,149 --> 00:24:20,080
international space station through one

668
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:22,159
of our partners one of our partners in

669
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,880
those investigations is nanoracks as

670
00:24:27,430 --> 00:24:26,400
many of your familiar nanoracks has

671
00:24:30,310 --> 00:24:27,440
developed

672
00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:30,320
a plug-and-play platform with an

673
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:33,120
identical form factor so it enables all

674
00:24:37,909 --> 00:24:35,440
of the external parameters that are

675
00:24:39,990 --> 00:24:37,919
required for building a payload to not

676
00:24:41,830 --> 00:24:40,000
be of concern to the payload developer

677
00:24:43,990 --> 00:24:41,840
or the the principal investigator who's

678
00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:44,000
developing an experiment therefore the

679
00:24:47,029 --> 00:24:45,360
students and their teachers and their

680
00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:47,039
mentors can focus on what type of

681
00:24:53,269 --> 00:24:48,720
science they would like to do inside of

682
00:24:59,510 --> 00:24:56,549
mark watch historical imagery canada

683
00:25:02,070 --> 00:24:59,520
could you tell me mankind has benefited

684
00:25:05,269 --> 00:25:02,080
so many ways

685
00:25:07,990 --> 00:25:05,279
in terms of what the iss has as has

686
00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:08,000
given back to mankind already in looking

687
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:10,640
forward looking forward to orion and

688
00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:14,400
beyond could you tell me what role iss

689
00:25:20,549 --> 00:25:16,960
will play in

690
00:25:24,950 --> 00:25:22,470
i could but it's a little outside of our

691
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:24,960
focus area with cases we're focused

692
00:25:28,710 --> 00:25:26,720
solely on use of the international space

693
00:25:31,110 --> 00:25:28,720
station national lab for earth benefit

694
00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:31,120
as i mentioned so obviously there are

695
00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:33,760
lots of areas of dual use technology as

696
00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:35,600
as marshall mentioned

697
00:25:39,430 --> 00:25:37,760
where the types of investigations that

698
00:25:41,750 --> 00:25:39,440
we are interested in sponsoring that

699
00:25:43,430 --> 00:25:41,760
enable investigation of disease

700
00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:43,440
development the onset of progression of

701
00:25:47,190 --> 00:25:45,360
human disease here on earth are

702
00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:47,200
identical to the concerns that are

703
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:48,960
experienced by nasa human research

704
00:25:53,029 --> 00:25:50,559
program and seeking to go beyond earth

705
00:25:54,310 --> 00:25:53,039
or low earth orbit and yeah dr

706
00:25:56,470 --> 00:25:54,320
porterfield you can weigh in a little

707
00:25:58,710 --> 00:25:56,480
bit yeah i'd be happy to address that

708
00:26:00,789 --> 00:25:58,720
the science that that nasa itself is

709
00:26:02,870 --> 00:26:00,799
sponsoring is really focused on using

710
00:26:06,789 --> 00:26:02,880
the iss as a laboratory

711
00:26:08,950 --> 00:26:06,799
um we we follow our marching orders from

712
00:26:11,269 --> 00:26:08,960
congress and uh the national academy of

713
00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:11,279
sciences through a national research

714
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:13,760
council decadal survey which basically

715
00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:16,000
is a inventory of the science that needs

716
00:26:19,909 --> 00:26:18,320
to be accomplished so we are focused on

717
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:19,919
using the international space station to

718
00:26:24,470 --> 00:26:21,760
develop the science that's needed to

719
00:26:27,510 --> 00:26:24,480
advance human exploration out beyond low

720
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:27,520
earth orbit that includes the human

721
00:26:31,029 --> 00:26:29,600
system in the biomedical operations

722
00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:31,039
biomedical research in the human

723
00:26:34,789 --> 00:26:32,640
research program but also in the

724
00:26:37,430 --> 00:26:34,799
physical sciences program developing new

725
00:26:39,669 --> 00:26:37,440
materials and capabilities like advanced

726
00:26:43,269 --> 00:26:39,679
cryogenic storage which could improve

727
00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:45,750
store propellants for long duration

728
00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:48,000
missions

729
00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:50,320
to for mars mission or an asteroid

730
00:26:54,230 --> 00:26:52,000
retrieval mission so yes we're very

731
00:26:55,510 --> 00:26:54,240
focused on that in terms of what we're

732
00:26:58,070 --> 00:26:55,520
doing from

733
00:27:00,230 --> 00:26:58,080
the nasa side and the space life and

734
00:27:01,990 --> 00:27:00,240
physical sciences research program

735
00:27:04,710 --> 00:27:02,000
and technology demonstrations as well

736
00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:04,720
you may have seen the video this earlier

737
00:27:08,549 --> 00:27:07,120
this week of the first 3d printed parts

738
00:27:10,950 --> 00:27:08,559
that were returned from the space

739
00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:10,960
station and those will be tested against

740
00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:12,880
an identical set of parts that were on

741
00:27:15,750 --> 00:27:14,880
the ground to see what the differences

742
00:27:17,909 --> 00:27:15,760
are

743
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:17,919
question here yes

744
00:27:21,909 --> 00:27:20,080
christian kisky with nasa social so

745
00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:21,919
presumably there are a lot more

746
00:27:25,190 --> 00:27:24,080
organizations and

747
00:27:27,190 --> 00:27:25,200
groups that

748
00:27:29,029 --> 00:27:27,200
want to do science on the iss then you

749
00:27:31,190 --> 00:27:29,039
have the capability of doing the science

750
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:31,200
on the iss how what are the criteria

751
00:27:34,549 --> 00:27:33,120
that you use to decide which

752
00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:34,559
experiments get

753
00:27:37,990 --> 00:27:35,840
done

754
00:27:40,389 --> 00:27:38,000
that's an excellent question so one of

755
00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:40,399
the ways that nasa works with cases

756
00:27:43,269 --> 00:27:41,520
through the cooperative agreement to

757
00:27:45,510 --> 00:27:43,279
sort of prime that pump is

758
00:27:47,029 --> 00:27:45,520
nasa has provided to cases half of the

759
00:27:48,549 --> 00:27:47,039
upmass that's going to the international

760
00:27:50,149 --> 00:27:48,559
space station national lab on the

761
00:27:52,389 --> 00:27:50,159
operating segment so

762
00:27:55,029 --> 00:27:52,399
we have a considerably

763
00:27:56,710 --> 00:27:55,039
great bandwidth in order to to support

764
00:27:59,029 --> 00:27:56,720
experiments going to station we also

765
00:28:01,110 --> 00:27:59,039
have access to half of the crew time

766
00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:01,120
that's going to be devoted to science

767
00:28:04,870 --> 00:28:03,600
research on board station we have now

768
00:28:06,549 --> 00:28:04,880
already reached a point where we're

769
00:28:08,710 --> 00:28:06,559
starting to fill those pathways up

770
00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:08,720
because there is significant commercial

771
00:28:12,950 --> 00:28:10,880
interest as well as building interest

772
00:28:15,029 --> 00:28:12,960
from other government agencies that have

773
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:15,039
worked with nasa previously to utilize

774
00:28:18,870 --> 00:28:16,720
that the international space station as

775
00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:18,880
a unique environment so the way that

776
00:28:23,909 --> 00:28:21,200
cases prioritizes the research that's

777
00:28:26,149 --> 00:28:23,919
selected is based on a defined review

778
00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:26,159
process that the entire process is

779
00:28:30,149 --> 00:28:27,600
transparent it's available on our

780
00:28:32,070 --> 00:28:30,159
website but each of the investigations

781
00:28:33,909 --> 00:28:32,080
that we support whether they're

782
00:28:36,310 --> 00:28:33,919
unsolicited or through the solicited

783
00:28:38,470 --> 00:28:36,320
pathway have to pass through a formal

784
00:28:40,950 --> 00:28:38,480
review process that includes both an

785
00:28:43,350 --> 00:28:40,960
operational feasibility review

786
00:28:45,510 --> 00:28:43,360
as well as a technical review based on

787
00:28:48,149 --> 00:28:45,520
scientific merit and for that scientific

788
00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:48,159
merit review we like nasa utilize

789
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:49,840
external panels of subject matter

790
00:28:55,430 --> 00:28:51,760
experts in that area

791
00:28:57,590 --> 00:28:55,440
since one of our goals at cases is to

792
00:28:59,510 --> 00:28:57,600
increase the return on investment that

793
00:29:02,149 --> 00:28:59,520
we as u.s taxpayers have made in the

794
00:29:03,830 --> 00:29:02,159
station we also have an economic review

795
00:29:04,630 --> 00:29:03,840
component that proposals have to go

796
00:29:06,630 --> 00:29:04,640
through

797
00:29:08,789 --> 00:29:06,640
and that can be

798
00:29:10,389 --> 00:29:08,799
used as a metric both for tangible

799
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:10,399
return on investment where there's a

800
00:29:13,830 --> 00:29:11,760
product

801
00:29:15,909 --> 00:29:13,840
or an improvement in a level of

802
00:29:18,549 --> 00:29:15,919
technology that can be returned it can

803
00:29:20,389 --> 00:29:18,559
also include intangible benefit where

804
00:29:22,870 --> 00:29:20,399
there is significant potential for

805
00:29:24,789 --> 00:29:22,880
discovery even at a fundamental level

806
00:29:26,870 --> 00:29:24,799
that can lead to additional discoveries

807
00:29:28,710 --> 00:29:26,880
later on and all of those review

808
00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:28,720
criteria are viewed at through the lens

809
00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:31,679
again of having earth benefit so as

810
00:29:35,430 --> 00:29:33,120
marshall

811
00:29:37,669 --> 00:29:35,440
pointed out nasa continues to fund

812
00:29:40,149 --> 00:29:37,679
fundamental investigation in space life

813
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:40,159
and physical sciences they also continue

814
00:29:45,350 --> 00:29:42,960
to support exploration related research

815
00:29:47,110 --> 00:29:45,360
our research portfolio at cases again is

816
00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:47,120
focused entirely on research and

817
00:29:54,950 --> 00:29:49,440
technology development that can benefit

818
00:30:00,549 --> 00:29:57,750
hi uh enzo vito with nasa social and

819
00:30:02,310 --> 00:30:00,559
embry riddle prescott um

820
00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:02,320
orbital sciences is the other uh

821
00:30:06,630 --> 00:30:04,720
commercial resupply contractor uh are

822
00:30:08,789 --> 00:30:06,640
there differences between the orbital

823
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:08,799
science vehicle and the spacex vehicle

824
00:30:15,510 --> 00:30:12,799
that can better suit cases payloads

825
00:30:17,430 --> 00:30:15,520
well yeah i can answer briefly and then

826
00:30:19,269 --> 00:30:17,440
and can jump in the primary one is

827
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:19,279
science return a lot of the

828
00:30:23,990 --> 00:30:22,000
investigations that cases has supported

829
00:30:26,149 --> 00:30:24,000
we support both physical sciences and

830
00:30:27,909 --> 00:30:26,159
life sciences experiments and from the

831
00:30:29,350 --> 00:30:27,919
commercial sector and many of the other

832
00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:29,360
government agency sectors there's a

833
00:30:32,549 --> 00:30:31,200
premium on return

834
00:30:34,149 --> 00:30:32,559
of the payload to you and the only

835
00:30:36,870 --> 00:30:34,159
vehicle that can currently do that is

836
00:30:39,269 --> 00:30:36,880
the spacex vehicle so for vehicles that

837
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:39,279
have needs for sample return in addition

838
00:30:43,750 --> 00:30:41,679
to data that's our ride up and our ride

839
00:30:45,350 --> 00:30:43,760
down orbital offers some unique

840
00:30:47,110 --> 00:30:45,360
capabilities though in that there's the

841
00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:47,120
trunk that's available for outside

842
00:30:51,430 --> 00:30:49,360
investigations and there are i think

843
00:30:53,190 --> 00:30:51,440
some features coming up on the when

844
00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:53,200
orbital returns to flight that will be a

845
00:30:58,789 --> 00:30:54,640
significant advantage to some of our

846
00:31:02,230 --> 00:31:00,710
that that's a good point mike i think

847
00:31:05,269 --> 00:31:02,240
the other thing to point out between the

848
00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:05,279
two commercial providers is uh the the

849
00:31:09,430 --> 00:31:07,760
spacex system the dragon capsule has

850
00:31:10,389 --> 00:31:09,440
developed an environmental control

851
00:31:12,710 --> 00:31:10,399
system

852
00:31:15,509 --> 00:31:12,720
so that's what enables our capability to

853
00:31:17,190 --> 00:31:15,519
fly live samples to space particularly

854
00:31:20,230 --> 00:31:17,200
rodents

855
00:31:22,789 --> 00:31:20,240
and then orbital itself has a large

856
00:31:24,710 --> 00:31:22,799
cargo capacity so some of our

857
00:31:26,149 --> 00:31:24,720
particularly heavy payloads fit well

858
00:31:29,750 --> 00:31:26,159
into the orbital

859
00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:35,590
was there another question on the back

860
00:31:40,549 --> 00:31:38,630
hi i'm morgan turner with nasa social

861
00:31:42,070 --> 00:31:40,559
a lot of the experiments that we've been

862
00:31:43,990 --> 00:31:42,080
discussing

863
00:31:45,990 --> 00:31:44,000
touch on human physiology and pathology

864
00:31:48,710 --> 00:31:46,000
but i was wondering whether or not any

865
00:31:50,789 --> 00:31:48,720
of the iss experiments focus on

866
00:31:52,870 --> 00:31:50,799
climate change or the sustainability of

867
00:31:56,630 --> 00:31:52,880
earth's resources in regards to the

868
00:32:00,470 --> 00:31:58,630
uh from cases perspective we don't

869
00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:00,480
currently have any on this next spacex

870
00:32:04,950 --> 00:32:03,360
mission but we have supported

871
00:32:06,950 --> 00:32:04,960
use of the international space station

872
00:32:09,190 --> 00:32:06,960
as a remote sensing platform

873
00:32:11,350 --> 00:32:09,200
so we have supported investigations that

874
00:32:13,669 --> 00:32:11,360
use data from the hico sensor for

875
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:13,679
example as well as other imaging

876
00:32:17,110 --> 00:32:15,200
capabilities where the international

877
00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:17,120
space station can essentially be used as

878
00:32:21,110 --> 00:32:19,360
a satellite bus that's looking back at

879
00:32:23,269 --> 00:32:21,120
the earth from different vantage points

880
00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:23,279
every day so on this current mission

881
00:32:28,070 --> 00:32:25,200
though we don't have anything that's of

882
00:32:29,590 --> 00:32:28,080
a remote sensing capability but we have

883
00:32:31,029 --> 00:32:29,600
in the past and we have some other

884
00:32:35,269 --> 00:32:31,039
projects that are in development that

885
00:32:39,110 --> 00:32:37,509
and the fourth spacex

886
00:32:41,750 --> 00:32:39,120
commercial resupply services mission

887
00:32:44,710 --> 00:32:41,760
delivered the iss rapid scat payload

888
00:32:46,710 --> 00:32:44,720
which is a remote earth sensing

889
00:32:48,870 --> 00:32:46,720
investigation as well

890
00:32:50,870 --> 00:32:48,880
let's move on we have dr clark here to

891
00:32:53,350 --> 00:32:50,880
talk to us about his investigation

892
00:32:55,590 --> 00:32:53,360
called oasis he's from the university of

893
00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:55,600
colorado boulder your study is looking

894
00:33:01,190 --> 00:32:57,840
at how liquid crystals

895
00:33:02,950 --> 00:33:01,200
such as those in display screens

896
00:33:03,909 --> 00:33:02,960
which probably most people are watching

897
00:33:05,750 --> 00:33:03,919
us on

898
00:33:07,430 --> 00:33:05,760
behaving microgravity can you tell us a

899
00:33:09,110 --> 00:33:07,440
little bit about liquid crystals and why

900
00:33:12,389 --> 00:33:09,120
microgravity is a good place to study

901
00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:12,399
them sure stephanie thanks um

902
00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:16,470
our project

903
00:33:23,269 --> 00:33:21,269
a collaboration between our group and in

904
00:33:24,389 --> 00:33:23,279
boulder and

905
00:33:27,509 --> 00:33:24,399
grew group at the university of

906
00:33:29,190 --> 00:33:27,519
magdeburg in germany and

907
00:33:35,509 --> 00:33:29,200
a group

908
00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:37,669
so

909
00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:40,320
liquid crystals are

910
00:33:50,830 --> 00:33:41,200
a

911
00:33:52,710 --> 00:33:50,840
in solids

912
00:33:56,470 --> 00:33:52,720
so

913
00:33:58,310 --> 00:33:56,480
in these displays for example

914
00:34:00,470 --> 00:33:58,320
solids have a

915
00:34:03,990 --> 00:34:00,480
optical property called birefringence

916
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:06,230
in solids it's kind of a fixed quantity

917
00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:08,079
in in lewis crystals since they're

918
00:34:11,589 --> 00:34:10,720
liquids you can manipulate it

919
00:34:13,589 --> 00:34:11,599
and

920
00:34:15,109 --> 00:34:13,599
being able to manipulate it enables you

921
00:34:19,510 --> 00:34:15,119
to make a

922
00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:19,520
so when i was starting out in the

923
00:34:25,669 --> 00:34:22,800
crystal business uh

924
00:34:27,270 --> 00:34:25,679
one of the holy grails was to make to

925
00:34:28,790 --> 00:34:27,280
make displays

926
00:34:30,389 --> 00:34:28,800
uh

927
00:34:33,030 --> 00:34:30,399
and

928
00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:33,040
over that time the the field

929
00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:35,200
managed to

930
00:34:38,470 --> 00:34:37,520
achieve this

931
00:34:41,030 --> 00:34:38,480
with

932
00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:41,040
of course a lot of

933
00:34:45,990 --> 00:34:43,200
technology development and development

934
00:34:46,790 --> 00:34:46,000
of electronics

935
00:34:49,669 --> 00:34:46,800
but

936
00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:49,679
another part of this is a real

937
00:34:55,030 --> 00:34:51,440
uh

938
00:34:59,589 --> 00:34:55,040
sort of blossoming of basic science of

939
00:35:00,470 --> 00:34:59,599
of lewis crystals really understanding

940
00:35:02,870 --> 00:35:00,480
how

941
00:35:04,150 --> 00:35:02,880
this combination of fluid fluids and

942
00:35:06,230 --> 00:35:04,160
solids

943
00:35:07,430 --> 00:35:06,240
actually works

944
00:35:11,270 --> 00:35:07,440
uh

945
00:35:14,069 --> 00:35:11,280
so oasis is is an experiment in

946
00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:14,079
sort of this spirit

947
00:35:18,230 --> 00:35:16,960
understanding basic liquor crystal

948
00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:18,240
physics

949
00:35:21,109 --> 00:35:19,760
uh and

950
00:35:23,510 --> 00:35:21,119
uh

951
00:35:25,589 --> 00:35:23,520
using microgravity

952
00:35:28,150 --> 00:35:25,599
using the the sort of the unique

953
00:35:28,950 --> 00:35:28,160
properties of microgravity to

954
00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:28,960
uh

955
00:35:34,150 --> 00:35:31,200
you know to do experiments that were are

956
00:35:36,550 --> 00:35:34,160
otherwise uh not possible

957
00:35:40,710 --> 00:35:38,230
so uh

958
00:35:42,230 --> 00:35:40,720
i can see i have a couple slides here if

959
00:35:43,910 --> 00:35:42,240
i could

960
00:35:46,390 --> 00:35:43,920
you want the slide or the video uh i

961
00:35:49,510 --> 00:35:46,400
think the slide

962
00:35:51,109 --> 00:35:49,520
okay so uh

963
00:35:54,069 --> 00:35:51,119
what we're going to be doing is making

964
00:35:56,790 --> 00:35:54,079
bubbles in space so you can think of

965
00:35:57,910 --> 00:35:56,800
you can think of soap bubbles so

966
00:36:01,349 --> 00:35:57,920
uh

967
00:36:03,910 --> 00:36:01,359
the drawing on the top is

968
00:36:05,589 --> 00:36:03,920
a cross-section of a soap bubble

969
00:36:07,670 --> 00:36:05,599
on a frame

970
00:36:09,430 --> 00:36:07,680
you know soap is a mixture a soap bubble

971
00:36:11,589 --> 00:36:09,440
is a mixture of

972
00:36:15,430 --> 00:36:11,599
soap and water so

973
00:36:20,230 --> 00:36:17,430
makes a thin film the water's on the

974
00:36:23,030 --> 00:36:20,240
inside the soap is on the surface making

975
00:36:26,630 --> 00:36:25,190
now if you make a soap bubble you you

976
00:36:28,790 --> 00:36:26,640
know that

977
00:36:30,710 --> 00:36:28,800
they have these very nice colors

978
00:36:32,390 --> 00:36:30,720
and the colors are coming

979
00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:32,400
from the fact that

980
00:36:40,470 --> 00:36:39,349
so the water flows in back and forth

981
00:36:43,270 --> 00:36:40,480
inside

982
00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:43,280
the the soap film and makes it thicker

983
00:36:49,829 --> 00:36:46,400
some places thinner and others

984
00:36:52,870 --> 00:36:49,839
and so that's shown on this uh

985
00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:52,880
in in the top drawing

986
00:36:56,870 --> 00:36:54,400
so

987
00:36:59,510 --> 00:36:56,880
the bottom drawing shows uh

988
00:37:02,630 --> 00:36:59,520
a similar bubble that you would make out

989
00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:02,640
of a smectic liquid crystal so in oasis

990
00:37:09,750 --> 00:37:07,280
the word the letter s means spectic so

991
00:37:12,470 --> 00:37:09,760
on the lower film

992
00:37:14,710 --> 00:37:12,480
the thickness is

993
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:14,720
always a number of

994
00:37:18,710 --> 00:37:17,280
molecular layers thick

995
00:37:21,750 --> 00:37:18,720
so

996
00:37:23,829 --> 00:37:21,760
typically in the space experiment

997
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:23,839
the bubbles we're going to be making

998
00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:27,599
will be two molecular layers thick

999
00:37:32,790 --> 00:37:30,560
so that corresponds to n equals two in

1000
00:37:34,870 --> 00:37:32,800
that drawing

1001
00:37:36,870 --> 00:37:34,880
so that's kind of the solid part of the

1002
00:37:38,390 --> 00:37:36,880
liquid crystal in this case it wants to

1003
00:37:40,069 --> 00:37:38,400
be in layers

1004
00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:40,079
but these layers are two dimensional

1005
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:41,200
liquids

1006
00:37:47,750 --> 00:37:44,000
they flow just like

1007
00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:49,510
so if you make a bubble then you can

1008
00:37:54,069 --> 00:37:52,079
make it two layers thick but some places

1009
00:37:56,710 --> 00:37:54,079
it may have a different thickness

1010
00:37:59,589 --> 00:37:56,720
some places it may be five layers thick

1011
00:38:03,109 --> 00:37:59,599
so these thicker places show up as

1012
00:38:04,870 --> 00:38:03,119
circular disks as they look like islands

1013
00:38:08,230 --> 00:38:04,880
moving on the bubble and i'll show you a

1014
00:38:12,790 --> 00:38:09,910
in a minute

1015
00:38:17,109 --> 00:38:15,109
oasis is

1016
00:38:21,109 --> 00:38:17,119
an experiment where we make

1017
00:38:26,870 --> 00:38:23,750
quant films quantized in thickness

1018
00:38:28,069 --> 00:38:26,880
and then look at the physics of

1019
00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:28,079
of

1020
00:38:33,589 --> 00:38:30,480
thicker parts islands on

1021
00:38:35,990 --> 00:38:33,599
on the surface of the bubble

1022
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:36,000
now you may be familiar with the uh

1023
00:38:41,270 --> 00:38:38,960
the videos of uh

1024
00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:41,280
the astronauts playing with water in

1025
00:38:46,150 --> 00:38:43,040
space they're

1026
00:38:47,750 --> 00:38:46,160
really fantastic

1027
00:38:49,349 --> 00:38:47,760
and you know they just

1028
00:38:50,550 --> 00:38:49,359
show you

1029
00:38:53,270 --> 00:38:50,560
a the

1030
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:53,280
you know how different for a fluid

1031
00:38:56,230 --> 00:38:55,440
microgravity can be

1032
00:39:01,750 --> 00:38:56,240
than

1033
00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:01,760
you know in in our experiments we have

1034
00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:03,119
the same

1035
00:39:07,109 --> 00:39:04,320
you know

1036
00:39:08,870 --> 00:39:07,119
kind of with the the space station opens

1037
00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:08,880
the same kind of

1038
00:39:12,550 --> 00:39:10,800
possibilities it

1039
00:39:15,829 --> 00:39:12,560
yet

1040
00:39:17,190 --> 00:39:15,839
just enables a whole different class of

1041
00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:17,200
of uh

1042
00:39:23,589 --> 00:39:19,440
of experiments

1043
00:39:28,390 --> 00:39:25,750
one of our bubbles so this is a bubble

1044
00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:31,270
15 millimeters in diameter

1045
00:39:34,710 --> 00:39:32,720
this is actually

1046
00:39:37,510 --> 00:39:34,720
a video taken in cleveland that's in

1047
00:39:40,150 --> 00:39:37,520
technology in the prototype you know in

1048
00:39:43,430 --> 00:39:40,160
the experimental hardware

1049
00:39:45,349 --> 00:39:43,440
at glenn nasa research

1050
00:39:49,750 --> 00:39:45,359
so you see the

1051
00:39:53,910 --> 00:39:51,670
six nanometer thick

1052
00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:53,920
liquid films two molecular layers thick

1053
00:39:59,349 --> 00:39:56,720
and then the little bright discs are the

1054
00:40:00,150 --> 00:39:59,359
islands these are the the thicker layers

1055
00:40:02,470 --> 00:40:00,160
so

1056
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:02,480
we circulated the bubble with air which

1057
00:40:08,150 --> 00:40:05,200
is one of the experiments and we created

1058
00:40:10,630 --> 00:40:08,160
emulsion of an emulsion of of islands

1059
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:10,640
and one of the experiments is to

1060
00:40:15,270 --> 00:40:11,920
see how

1061
00:40:19,109 --> 00:40:15,280
this emulsion evol evolves over time now

1062
00:40:27,030 --> 00:40:19,119
you can see right now that

1063
00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:28,950
so in this video the bottom of the

1064
00:40:32,390 --> 00:40:30,960
bubble is actually the top of the

1065
00:40:33,510 --> 00:40:32,400
display

1066
00:40:34,470 --> 00:40:33,520
okay

1067
00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:34,480
so

1068
00:40:38,950 --> 00:40:36,960
and you can see in in the image

1069
00:40:41,990 --> 00:40:38,960
that right at the top there are these

1070
00:40:43,990 --> 00:40:42,000
thicker regions which are colored

1071
00:40:46,790 --> 00:40:44,000
so they have many many

1072
00:40:49,510 --> 00:40:46,800
uh spectic layers

1073
00:40:53,589 --> 00:40:49,520
okay so now we circulate the bubble

1074
00:40:57,910 --> 00:40:55,589
once we stop then you can immediately

1075
00:41:00,309 --> 00:40:57,920
see that the colored regions the thicker

1076
00:41:02,309 --> 00:41:00,319
regions start moving toward the top so

1077
00:41:04,870 --> 00:41:02,319
they're sedimenting to the bottom of the

1078
00:41:07,510 --> 00:41:04,880
bubble so

1079
00:41:09,750 --> 00:41:07,520
we need the space station to

1080
00:41:11,750 --> 00:41:09,760
eliminate this kind of

1081
00:41:13,750 --> 00:41:11,760
sedimentation

1082
00:41:15,990 --> 00:41:13,760
another important class of experiments

1083
00:41:17,190 --> 00:41:16,000
are called

1084
00:41:19,190 --> 00:41:17,200
are

1085
00:41:21,829 --> 00:41:19,200
exploring the thermal capillary thermal

1086
00:41:23,829 --> 00:41:21,839
capillarity so this is we know that

1087
00:41:26,470 --> 00:41:23,839
there are

1088
00:41:29,109 --> 00:41:26,480
strong effects on fluids fluids from

1089
00:41:34,309 --> 00:41:29,119
from buoyancy that is gravity coupling

1090
00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:35,270
but

1091
00:41:43,430 --> 00:41:40,880
flow so if you have a fluid with that's

1092
00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:43,440
warm in some places and cooler in others

1093
00:41:46,829 --> 00:41:45,200
there's an inherent tendency for the

1094
00:41:49,829 --> 00:41:46,839
fluid to

1095
00:41:51,270 --> 00:41:49,839
move which buoyancy which gravity

1096
00:41:55,510 --> 00:41:51,280
effects

1097
00:41:58,309 --> 00:41:55,520
strongly complicate the study of so

1098
00:42:01,270 --> 00:41:58,319
one class of experiments is to apply

1099
00:42:03,829 --> 00:42:01,280
temperature gradients to these bubbles

1100
00:42:07,510 --> 00:42:03,839
and watch the corresponding flow you try

1101
00:42:08,470 --> 00:42:07,520
to do this kind of experiment on earth

1102
00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:08,480
the

1103
00:42:11,670 --> 00:42:10,480
gravity driven convection

1104
00:42:16,309 --> 00:42:11,680
totally

1105
00:42:18,470 --> 00:42:16,319
so we have quite a variety of different

1106
00:42:19,750 --> 00:42:18,480
uh experiments directed toward

1107
00:42:21,910 --> 00:42:19,760
understanding

1108
00:42:22,950 --> 00:42:21,920
the the basic science of this kind of

1109
00:42:25,190 --> 00:42:22,960
system

1110
00:42:28,150 --> 00:42:25,200
a question here

1111
00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:28,160
ah christian kisky nasa social

1112
00:42:31,750 --> 00:42:29,520
with this research are you testing

1113
00:42:34,550 --> 00:42:31,760
specific hypotheses or are you just

1114
00:42:36,230 --> 00:42:34,560
doing are you looking at it and and just

1115
00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:36,240
seeing what happens well it's a

1116
00:42:40,630 --> 00:42:39,200
combination of the two i mean um

1117
00:42:43,430 --> 00:42:40,640
since we've never done you know we've

1118
00:42:45,190 --> 00:42:43,440
never made this kind of you know system

1119
00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:45,200
i mean

1120
00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:46,800
we're not even sure lego crystals have

1121
00:42:50,069 --> 00:42:48,640
ever ever been you know experimented

1122
00:42:51,910 --> 00:42:50,079
with in space

1123
00:42:53,349 --> 00:42:51,920
but

1124
00:42:54,069 --> 00:42:53,359
uh

1125
00:42:56,950 --> 00:42:54,079
so

1126
00:42:59,190 --> 00:42:56,960
part of it will just be

1127
00:43:01,990 --> 00:42:59,200
doing you know it was set sort of

1128
00:43:03,910 --> 00:43:02,000
we sort of scripted the first 15 plays

1129
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:03,920
if you will

1130
00:43:07,190 --> 00:43:05,040
you know we're going to do certain

1131
00:43:10,510 --> 00:43:07,200
things and watch what happens

1132
00:43:13,270 --> 00:43:10,520
uh but then for example in the case of a

1133
00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:13,280
thermocapillarity there are you know

1134
00:43:16,470 --> 00:43:14,640
there are

1135
00:43:19,109 --> 00:43:16,480
theoretical predictions of what should

1136
00:43:19,829 --> 00:43:19,119
happen and you know we'll do experiments

1137
00:43:31,510 --> 00:43:19,839
to

1138
00:43:34,870 --> 00:43:31,520
could you tell me

1139
00:43:36,630 --> 00:43:34,880
are there currently lcd screens in use

1140
00:43:37,510 --> 00:43:36,640
in the iiss

1141
00:43:38,550 --> 00:43:37,520
and

1142
00:43:46,950 --> 00:43:38,560
has

1143
00:43:50,390 --> 00:43:46,960
acted on them adversely thus far

1144
00:43:52,790 --> 00:43:50,400
i don't i think there are numerous lego

1145
00:43:54,870 --> 00:43:52,800
crystal displays on the iss

1146
00:43:57,670 --> 00:43:54,880
um and

1147
00:43:59,750 --> 00:43:57,680
i don't think microgravity has been uh a

1148
00:44:02,230 --> 00:43:59,760
problem for that technology for the

1149
00:44:03,510 --> 00:44:02,240
living crystal technology the the

1150
00:44:07,910 --> 00:44:03,520
they're

1151
00:44:09,910 --> 00:44:07,920
the lc the crystal is in a gap in a very

1152
00:44:12,390 --> 00:44:09,920
narrow gap between

1153
00:44:15,829 --> 00:44:12,400
between solid plates and

1154
00:44:16,870 --> 00:44:15,839
and it completely fills the space so

1155
00:44:19,270 --> 00:44:16,880
and the

1156
00:44:21,349 --> 00:44:19,280
you know the

1157
00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:21,359
the voltage-induced changes that make

1158
00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:28,069
you know

1159
00:44:31,670 --> 00:44:29,670
well you could ask is it a problem on

1160
00:44:33,750 --> 00:44:31,680
earth because you know but they they

1161
00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:33,760
have very little density difference and

1162
00:44:37,750 --> 00:44:35,760
so they don't seem to be it doesn't seem

1163
00:44:43,349 --> 00:44:37,760
to be a problem

1164
00:44:46,470 --> 00:44:45,030
ken kramer america's space universe

1165
00:44:48,069 --> 00:44:46,480
today can you talk a little bit about

1166
00:44:50,150 --> 00:44:48,079
how these experiments are going to be

1167
00:44:51,589 --> 00:44:50,160
done are they are they uh done remotely

1168
00:44:54,230 --> 00:44:51,599
from the ground are the are the

1169
00:44:56,470 --> 00:44:54,240
astronauts uh intervening are they are

1170
00:44:58,390 --> 00:44:56,480
they running the experiment and are you

1171
00:44:59,910 --> 00:44:58,400
getting the data back in real time or is

1172
00:45:05,589 --> 00:44:59,920
it coming back at the end of the mission

1173
00:45:09,589 --> 00:45:07,589
so the

1174
00:45:12,230 --> 00:45:09,599
like the experiment i showed on tape for

1175
00:45:14,630 --> 00:45:12,240
example watching the bubble and then

1176
00:45:16,710 --> 00:45:14,640
turning on an air jet and turning and

1177
00:45:18,870 --> 00:45:16,720
watching what happens and then deciding

1178
00:45:22,390 --> 00:45:18,880
what to do next that will all be done

1179
00:45:24,950 --> 00:45:23,750
so the

1180
00:45:30,309 --> 00:45:24,960
this

1181
00:45:34,390 --> 00:45:33,430
video imaging hardware and recording

1182
00:45:35,829 --> 00:45:34,400
uh

1183
00:45:36,630 --> 00:45:35,839
and then the

1184
00:45:40,309 --> 00:45:36,640
the

1185
00:45:41,910 --> 00:45:40,319
you have to inflate a bubble and you're

1186
00:45:43,190 --> 00:45:41,920
we're making we're creating the bubbles

1187
00:45:44,069 --> 00:45:43,200
in space

1188
00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:44,079
um

1189
00:45:47,829 --> 00:45:45,680
so that will also be done remotely from

1190
00:45:50,069 --> 00:45:47,839
the ground

1191
00:45:51,750 --> 00:45:50,079
the bubble and its immediate

1192
00:45:54,230 --> 00:45:51,760
hardware are

1193
00:45:58,390 --> 00:45:54,240
contained in sort of small

1194
00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:58,400
sealed chambers about that size

1195
00:46:02,390 --> 00:46:00,560
so these will be exchanged

1196
00:46:04,710 --> 00:46:02,400
installed in

1197
00:46:05,750 --> 00:46:04,720
and there are four different uh

1198
00:46:07,349 --> 00:46:05,760
separate

1199
00:46:08,150 --> 00:46:07,359
samples to be looked at so four

1200
00:46:10,069 --> 00:46:08,160
different

1201
00:46:12,069 --> 00:46:10,079
of these chambers so these will be

1202
00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:12,079
exchanged by the astronauts but that

1203
00:46:16,470 --> 00:46:14,720
will be their only

1204
00:46:18,630 --> 00:46:16,480
i guess i think that's their only

1205
00:46:21,430 --> 00:46:18,640
planned

1206
00:46:25,990 --> 00:46:23,270
then the image that you saw on the

1207
00:46:27,670 --> 00:46:26,000
screen that will be relayed down in real

1208
00:46:29,030 --> 00:46:27,680
time

1209
00:46:31,829 --> 00:46:29,040
but

1210
00:46:32,950 --> 00:46:31,839
you can see that it's

1211
00:46:35,670 --> 00:46:32,960
you know the

1212
00:46:36,870 --> 00:46:35,680
the video quality is not that great so

1213
00:46:39,430 --> 00:46:36,880
but the

1214
00:46:40,950 --> 00:46:39,440
the these images will also be recorded

1215
00:46:43,349 --> 00:46:40,960
on hard drives

1216
00:46:46,069 --> 00:46:43,359
on the experiment and then

1217
00:46:47,670 --> 00:46:46,079
they'll be returned on spacex with the

1218
00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:47,680
you know with the return flight so

1219
00:46:51,270 --> 00:46:49,520
that's also an element

1220
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:51,280
in this experiment

1221
00:46:55,270 --> 00:46:53,680
be a lot a lot of video data how often

1222
00:46:56,710 --> 00:46:55,280
would the astronauts

1223
00:46:59,109 --> 00:46:56,720
exchange

1224
00:47:02,710 --> 00:46:59,119
maybe once every two or three weeks or

1225
00:47:07,750 --> 00:47:05,589
okay so let's move on to dr piovich

1226
00:47:10,710 --> 00:47:07,760
the osteo 4 investigation can you tell

1227
00:47:12,630 --> 00:47:10,720
us a little bit about this investigation

1228
00:47:16,470 --> 00:47:12,640
so the oso4 is osteocyte

1229
00:47:18,630 --> 00:47:16,480
mechanotransduction and osteocytes for

1230
00:47:20,630 --> 00:47:18,640
the one of you they're not aware are the

1231
00:47:22,630 --> 00:47:20,640
most abundant cells in bone and these

1232
00:47:24,870 --> 00:47:22,640
are the cells deeply

1233
00:47:26,950 --> 00:47:24,880
embedded within the mineralized matrix

1234
00:47:28,549 --> 00:47:26,960
of the bone and the current view is that

1235
00:47:30,390 --> 00:47:28,559
these are the cells that can sense the

1236
00:47:32,150 --> 00:47:30,400
mechanical forces applied to the

1237
00:47:35,109 --> 00:47:32,160
skeleton and then transform these

1238
00:47:37,349 --> 00:47:35,119
mechanical forces into biological signal

1239
00:47:39,910 --> 00:47:37,359
so it's it is well known that during

1240
00:47:42,710 --> 00:47:39,920
this use for example during bad rest of

1241
00:47:44,710 --> 00:47:42,720
paralysis or during reduced loading like

1242
00:47:47,109 --> 00:47:44,720
in space flight there is a

1243
00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:47,119
substantial bone loss and the current

1244
00:47:51,190 --> 00:47:49,040
view is that osteocytes are indeed the

1245
00:47:53,030 --> 00:47:51,200
cells within the bone they can sense the

1246
00:47:55,270 --> 00:47:53,040
mechanical forces that can sense the

1247
00:47:57,589 --> 00:47:55,280
load and then signal to the other bone

1248
00:47:59,349 --> 00:47:57,599
cells like osteoblasts or bone forming

1249
00:48:02,870 --> 00:47:59,359
cells or osteoclasts to either either

1250
00:48:05,589 --> 00:48:02,880
make more bone or uh reduce bone

1251
00:48:09,190 --> 00:48:05,599
so the goal of the osteo formation is

1252
00:48:11,030 --> 00:48:09,200
actually to study uh ostracize and the

1253
00:48:14,230 --> 00:48:11,040
mechanism of mechanos transduction at

1254
00:48:17,109 --> 00:48:14,240
the cellular level so we will flow uh we

1255
00:48:18,150 --> 00:48:17,119
will fly uh isolated osteocytes and this

1256
00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:18,160
will be the first time that our

1257
00:48:21,829 --> 00:48:20,079
societies are flown in space this

1258
00:48:24,309 --> 00:48:21,839
project was

1259
00:48:27,430 --> 00:48:24,319
being supported by grant from nih has

1260
00:48:29,670 --> 00:48:27,440
been supported by cases and also by nasa

1261
00:48:31,589 --> 00:48:29,680
the kennedy space center and is part of

1262
00:48:33,990 --> 00:48:31,599
the biomedical research

1263
00:48:36,470 --> 00:48:34,000
on the international space station or

1264
00:48:39,109 --> 00:48:36,480
biomed iss that is a collaborative

1265
00:48:40,150 --> 00:48:39,119
project between nih and nasa

1266
00:48:42,710 --> 00:48:40,160
and

1267
00:48:44,630 --> 00:48:42,720
our goal is to really identify at the

1268
00:48:45,990 --> 00:48:44,640
cellular level both the gene and

1269
00:48:48,309 --> 00:48:46,000
proteins that are differentially

1270
00:48:50,069 --> 00:48:48,319
regulated in microgravity in an effort

1271
00:48:52,230 --> 00:48:50,079
to then identify

1272
00:48:54,630 --> 00:48:52,240
potential nova therapeutic that can be

1273
00:48:57,910 --> 00:48:54,640
used both on earth on his space to

1274
00:49:00,790 --> 00:48:57,920
prevent bone loss or either to try to

1275
00:49:02,710 --> 00:49:00,800
rebuild bones once it's lost

1276
00:49:04,309 --> 00:49:02,720
so can you get talk a little bit more

1277
00:49:05,670 --> 00:49:04,319
about how you'll grow the cells on orbit

1278
00:49:08,549 --> 00:49:05,680
i think you brought something to show us

1279
00:49:09,829 --> 00:49:08,559
yes so uh we actually we developed the

1280
00:49:11,990 --> 00:49:09,839
cells that we've been flown in space

1281
00:49:14,710 --> 00:49:12,000
i've been developing my laboratory and

1282
00:49:16,950 --> 00:49:14,720
these are also said being isolated from

1283
00:49:19,990 --> 00:49:16,960
a long bone of genetically modified

1284
00:49:22,309 --> 00:49:20,000
animals mice we will grow cells in a

1285
00:49:25,270 --> 00:49:22,319
three-dimensional scaffold and then we

1286
00:49:27,910 --> 00:49:25,280
will house carefully in fully

1287
00:49:30,870 --> 00:49:27,920
enclosed bioreactors that are like this

1288
00:49:32,309 --> 00:49:30,880
one for who is interested and

1289
00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:32,319
three of these bioreactors will be

1290
00:49:36,549 --> 00:49:34,720
integrated into a fully automated fluid

1291
00:49:38,870 --> 00:49:36,559
pathway they will provide not only the

1292
00:49:41,270 --> 00:49:38,880
nutrients for the cells but a certain

1293
00:49:42,790 --> 00:49:41,280
time during the mission will fix and

1294
00:49:45,910 --> 00:49:42,800
preserve the cells

1295
00:49:48,150 --> 00:49:45,920
and we will have a three uh

1296
00:49:50,950 --> 00:49:48,160
pathway so for a total of nine

1297
00:49:53,270 --> 00:49:50,960
bioreactors there will be uh terminated

1298
00:49:55,829 --> 00:49:53,280
a different time uh during the flight we

1299
00:49:58,470 --> 00:49:55,839
will have astronaut re remove this

1300
00:50:00,790 --> 00:49:58,480
bioreactor after three five and seven

1301
00:50:02,549 --> 00:50:00,800
days of microgravity and that will be

1302
00:50:05,109 --> 00:50:02,559
stored at cold temperature and that will

1303
00:50:07,349 --> 00:50:05,119
be the sample frozen sample will will be

1304
00:50:09,270 --> 00:50:07,359
returned to our laboratory and then we

1305
00:50:11,190 --> 00:50:09,280
will set them once they return

1306
00:50:13,990 --> 00:50:11,200
and this was developed by calm

1307
00:50:16,230 --> 00:50:14,000
technology that is from

1308
00:50:18,710 --> 00:50:16,240
kingston ontario in collaboration with

1309
00:50:21,270 --> 00:50:18,720
the canadian space agency and this will

1310
00:50:23,950 --> 00:50:21,280
be the fourth time that the osteo is

1311
00:50:27,829 --> 00:50:23,960
flying in space and also actually is for

1312
00:50:30,150 --> 00:50:27,839
osteoporosis experiment in orbit

1313
00:50:32,230 --> 00:50:30,160
other questions

1314
00:50:35,910 --> 00:50:32,240
sir

1315
00:50:40,549 --> 00:50:38,069
jim siegel i'm with the celebration news

1316
00:50:43,270 --> 00:50:40,559
and space flight insider i'm

1317
00:50:46,230 --> 00:50:43,280
particularly interested doctor in the

1318
00:50:49,190 --> 00:50:46,240
experiments that you described uh and my

1319
00:50:51,670 --> 00:50:49,200
understanding was that eventually

1320
00:50:54,630 --> 00:50:51,680
uh not overnight of course

1321
00:50:56,390 --> 00:50:54,640
that these experiments will benefit

1322
00:50:57,349 --> 00:50:56,400
people who may have

1323
00:51:02,470 --> 00:50:57,359
uh

1324
00:51:04,630 --> 00:51:02,480
afflictions like that and i wonder if

1325
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:04,640
you could explain a little bit about how

1326
00:51:08,790 --> 00:51:05,520
this

1327
00:51:11,270 --> 00:51:08,800
experiment fits in with the over overall

1328
00:51:14,470 --> 00:51:11,280
goal of of helping people like that here

1329
00:51:16,309 --> 00:51:14,480
on earth what other kinds of things

1330
00:51:18,309 --> 00:51:16,319
what other kinds of experiments need to

1331
00:51:21,109 --> 00:51:18,319
be done and also

1332
00:51:23,510 --> 00:51:21,119
how specifically does the results of

1333
00:51:24,870 --> 00:51:23,520
this experiment help in furthering that

1334
00:51:26,790 --> 00:51:24,880
knowledge

1335
00:51:29,430 --> 00:51:26,800
so we are actually

1336
00:51:32,069 --> 00:51:29,440
particularly interested in osteocytes

1337
00:51:34,870 --> 00:51:32,079
and now this cells can sense unloading

1338
00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:34,880
or reduced loading so for example if you

1339
00:51:39,910 --> 00:51:37,200
are a prolonged bad rest or a paralysis

1340
00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:39,920
is know that you're losing bone rapidly

1341
00:51:43,589 --> 00:51:41,920
and we know the osteoclasts they are the

1342
00:51:44,470 --> 00:51:43,599
cells the reduced bone are the one that

1343
00:51:45,270 --> 00:51:44,480
actually

1344
00:51:47,349 --> 00:51:45,280
uh

1345
00:51:49,270 --> 00:51:47,359
destroy your bone but

1346
00:51:52,390 --> 00:51:49,280
we still don't know what are the signal

1347
00:51:54,150 --> 00:51:52,400
that go from ostracized to osteoclasts

1348
00:51:56,549 --> 00:51:54,160
and we still don't know how actually

1349
00:51:58,950 --> 00:51:56,559
osteocytes can sense there is a reduced

1350
00:52:00,790 --> 00:51:58,960
loading applied to the skeleton so our

1351
00:52:03,030 --> 00:52:00,800
ultimate goal is if we can understand

1352
00:52:05,750 --> 00:52:03,040
what are the genes and proteins they are

1353
00:52:07,910 --> 00:52:05,760
regulated at the ostracized by

1354
00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:07,920
loading or unloading we can then

1355
00:52:12,309 --> 00:52:10,400
envision that we can in situations like

1356
00:52:17,670 --> 00:52:12,319
a

1357
00:52:19,589 --> 00:52:17,680
trick the bone trick the osteocytes to

1358
00:52:22,630 --> 00:52:19,599
tell them you're still loaded while

1359
00:52:25,910 --> 00:52:22,640
you're not and then therefore not induce

1360
00:52:28,390 --> 00:52:25,920
bone loss and then is could also benefit

1361
00:52:31,510 --> 00:52:28,400
people affect by osteoporosis you can

1362
00:52:33,750 --> 00:52:31,520
try to rebuild bone but again these are

1363
00:52:37,910 --> 00:52:33,760
quite long-term

1364
00:52:41,349 --> 00:52:38,950
is that

1365
00:52:43,910 --> 00:52:41,359
this gentleman here

1366
00:52:46,630 --> 00:52:43,920
christian kiskey with nasa social

1367
00:52:48,390 --> 00:52:46,640
all the experiments that i know of so

1368
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:48,400
far on the astronauts of course have

1369
00:52:52,390 --> 00:52:49,680
been full grown

1370
00:52:53,589 --> 00:52:52,400
mature humans are is there any plans for

1371
00:52:55,430 --> 00:52:53,599
studying

1372
00:52:58,470 --> 00:52:55,440
immature cells obviously we're not going

1373
00:53:00,790 --> 00:52:58,480
to send children into space but

1374
00:53:03,190 --> 00:53:00,800
perhaps do some experiments on bones

1375
00:53:05,270 --> 00:53:03,200
that are still growing to to see how

1376
00:53:07,030 --> 00:53:05,280
that could compare well that's a that's

1377
00:53:08,710 --> 00:53:07,040
an excellent question of course it would

1378
00:53:11,190 --> 00:53:08,720
be very interesting to understand also

1379
00:53:13,270 --> 00:53:11,200
not just what are the mechanism of bone

1380
00:53:15,430 --> 00:53:13,280
loss but also to see bone development of

1381
00:53:18,230 --> 00:53:15,440
bone growth but that's

1382
00:53:19,750 --> 00:53:18,240
i guess will be down the line experiment

1383
00:53:21,270 --> 00:53:19,760
down the line

1384
00:53:22,710 --> 00:53:21,280
there have been some investigations in

1385
00:53:25,270 --> 00:53:22,720
the past looking at

1386
00:53:27,910 --> 00:53:25,280
development of mice pups and they they

1387
00:53:29,589 --> 00:53:27,920
do have significant changes in the

1388
00:53:30,309 --> 00:53:29,599
bone structure and also in their ability

1389
00:53:32,470 --> 00:53:30,319
to

1390
00:53:34,870 --> 00:53:32,480
sense gravity and write themselves so

1391
00:53:36,309 --> 00:53:34,880
they're severely impaired after being

1392
00:53:38,549 --> 00:53:36,319
developmentally exposed to the

1393
00:53:41,270 --> 00:53:38,559
microgravity environment

1394
00:53:43,750 --> 00:53:41,280
and actually if i can add even

1395
00:53:46,150 --> 00:53:43,760
the joint will be probably affected by

1396
00:53:48,790 --> 00:53:46,160
microgravity so not just bone but also

1397
00:53:51,030 --> 00:53:48,800
all the joint can be affected by lack of

1398
00:53:54,470 --> 00:53:51,040
exposure to gravity during during

1399
00:53:59,430 --> 00:53:56,390
question here

1400
00:54:01,510 --> 00:53:59,440
mark gotch historical imagery canada can

1401
00:54:04,790 --> 00:54:01,520
you tell me thus far

1402
00:54:07,589 --> 00:54:04,800
has human both bone growth growth of

1403
00:54:09,430 --> 00:54:07,599
human bone cells been very successful

1404
00:54:11,510 --> 00:54:09,440
here on earth

1405
00:54:13,270 --> 00:54:11,520
would you expect that the

1406
00:54:15,109 --> 00:54:13,280
the growth that you're planning to do in

1407
00:54:16,309 --> 00:54:15,119
the iss would be

1408
00:54:17,829 --> 00:54:16,319
far more

1409
00:54:20,549 --> 00:54:17,839
you know uh

1410
00:54:22,390 --> 00:54:20,559
increasingly or quicker growth than is

1411
00:54:23,430 --> 00:54:22,400
currently done on earth or is it being

1412
00:54:25,589 --> 00:54:23,440
done here

1413
00:54:27,510 --> 00:54:25,599
uh so actually we are not expecting that

1414
00:54:30,390 --> 00:54:27,520
there will be an accelerated growth of

1415
00:54:32,230 --> 00:54:30,400
bone in microgravity but we will really

1416
00:54:33,750 --> 00:54:32,240
need to use the international space

1417
00:54:37,670 --> 00:54:33,760
station to

1418
00:54:39,750 --> 00:54:37,680
to test on the in a isolated osteocytes

1419
00:54:42,069 --> 00:54:39,760
what are the effects of microgravity

1420
00:54:44,230 --> 00:54:42,079
because we do have some analog that we

1421
00:54:47,030 --> 00:54:44,240
can use in the laboratory so for example

1422
00:54:49,589 --> 00:54:47,040
nasa developed this as low rotating

1423
00:54:52,150 --> 00:54:49,599
bioreactor that can mimic microgravity

1424
00:54:54,950 --> 00:54:52,160
on on earth but for us to really

1425
00:54:56,710 --> 00:54:54,960
validate that the system that we have on

1426
00:54:59,109 --> 00:54:56,720
earth is really working we really need

1427
00:55:00,950 --> 00:54:59,119
to study all societies in microgravity

1428
00:55:03,829 --> 00:55:00,960
so the expectation is not that not the

1429
00:55:06,230 --> 00:55:03,839
cells we grow faster in microgravity but

1430
00:55:07,990 --> 00:55:06,240
is really to see what are the direct

1431
00:55:10,309 --> 00:55:08,000
effects of microgravity or reduced

1432
00:55:12,710 --> 00:55:10,319
loading in osteocytes and at the moment

1433
00:55:15,829 --> 00:55:12,720
we really don't have ideal

1434
00:55:17,750 --> 00:55:15,839
ground-based model and i think that

1435
00:55:19,829 --> 00:55:17,760
the data that we will get back from this

1436
00:55:21,750 --> 00:55:19,839
experiment will not just help us to

1437
00:55:23,030 --> 00:55:21,760
understand also sites but can be a

1438
00:55:26,549 --> 00:55:23,040
really

1439
00:55:28,470 --> 00:55:26,559
system that we have

1440
00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:28,480
in the lab

1441
00:55:36,789 --> 00:55:35,109
yeah ken kramer universe today in uh

1442
00:55:39,670 --> 00:55:36,799
america's space and kind of a general

1443
00:55:41,430 --> 00:55:39,680
question on this bone loss uh issue i i

1444
00:55:43,349 --> 00:55:41,440
think the way the astronauts prevent

1445
00:55:45,910 --> 00:55:43,359
bone loss right now is mainly through

1446
00:55:48,069 --> 00:55:45,920
exercise is that right or is there any

1447
00:55:50,470 --> 00:55:48,079
medicines they are taking and as your

1448
00:55:51,829 --> 00:55:50,480
research hopefully going to develop some

1449
00:55:54,549 --> 00:55:51,839
pharmaceutical

1450
00:55:56,710 --> 00:55:54,559
to to minimize or prevent bone loss is

1451
00:55:57,750 --> 00:55:56,720
that part of it at all thanks

1452
00:55:59,670 --> 00:55:57,760
well i

1453
00:56:02,390 --> 00:55:59,680
you will corrupt me if i'm if i'm wrong

1454
00:56:04,069 --> 00:56:02,400
i think that some astronauts are

1455
00:56:06,710 --> 00:56:04,079
on some uh

1456
00:56:09,510 --> 00:56:06,720
osteoporosis treatment and these i think

1457
00:56:10,630 --> 00:56:09,520
they are biphosphonate if i'm not wrong

1458
00:56:13,270 --> 00:56:10,640
these are

1459
00:56:15,510 --> 00:56:13,280
drugs that they will prevent bone loss

1460
00:56:17,510 --> 00:56:15,520
and they can work but they all have side

1461
00:56:19,829 --> 00:56:17,520
effect they will work really well for

1462
00:56:21,910 --> 00:56:19,839
astronaut or when you have a bone loss

1463
00:56:25,030 --> 00:56:21,920
that you know is going to occur what we

1464
00:56:27,430 --> 00:56:25,040
are hoping also to identify is some

1465
00:56:29,829 --> 00:56:27,440
therapeutics some drug they will

1466
00:56:31,910 --> 00:56:29,839
actually help you rebuild the bones once

1467
00:56:33,990 --> 00:56:31,920
you have lost it because that's the one

1468
00:56:35,670 --> 00:56:34,000
that we are still currently we don't

1469
00:56:37,270 --> 00:56:35,680
have because these are the drugs that

1470
00:56:38,710 --> 00:56:37,280
will benefit people affected by

1471
00:56:40,950 --> 00:56:38,720
osteoporosis

1472
00:56:42,870 --> 00:56:40,960
so to go back to your question there are

1473
00:56:45,430 --> 00:56:42,880
some good treatment for prevent bone

1474
00:56:47,910 --> 00:56:45,440
loss in astronaut but i think that there

1475
00:56:49,349 --> 00:56:47,920
is a still room for more

1476
00:56:50,390 --> 00:56:49,359
that's correct and the only thing i

1477
00:56:51,670 --> 00:56:50,400
would add is that we've studied the

1478
00:56:53,990 --> 00:56:51,680
bisphosphonates but we haven't

1479
00:56:55,349 --> 00:56:54,000
incorporated it into our normal medical

1480
00:56:57,109 --> 00:56:55,359
operations

1481
00:56:58,630 --> 00:56:57,119
is in terms of a countermeasure so

1482
00:56:59,990 --> 00:56:58,640
mainly is

1483
00:57:01,430 --> 00:57:00,000
based on the

1484
00:57:02,549 --> 00:57:01,440
exercise

1485
00:57:04,710 --> 00:57:02,559
programs

1486
00:57:06,710 --> 00:57:04,720
i think i'd add to that that nutritional

1487
00:57:08,630 --> 00:57:06,720
supplements such as vitamin d are also

1488
00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:08,640
used in the astronaut program

1489
00:57:12,710 --> 00:57:10,160
and

1490
00:57:14,390 --> 00:57:12,720
the the bone loss problem in crew

1491
00:57:17,589 --> 00:57:14,400
members to some extent has been

1492
00:57:19,829 --> 00:57:17,599
ameliorated by the uh the addition of a

1493
00:57:22,789 --> 00:57:19,839
resistive exercise device on the space

1494
00:57:26,789 --> 00:57:22,799
station uh known as the a-red and so the

1495
00:57:29,510 --> 00:57:26,799
resistive exercise device

1496
00:57:31,990 --> 00:57:29,520
vitamin d and also bisphosphonates and

1497
00:57:33,990 --> 00:57:32,000
under some studies have been shown to

1498
00:57:36,630 --> 00:57:34,000
help the crew maintain their overall

1499
00:57:39,349 --> 00:57:36,640
bone density over a six-month mission we

1500
00:57:41,510 --> 00:57:39,359
don't know yet what happens in extended

1501
00:57:43,670 --> 00:57:41,520
missions and that's part of the one year

1502
00:57:45,990 --> 00:57:43,680
space flight program that we're engaging

1503
00:57:48,150 --> 00:57:46,000
in now to try and find out what happens

1504
00:57:50,630 --> 00:57:48,160
do we know do we know anything from the

1505
00:57:53,990 --> 00:57:50,640
russian to four russian astronauts about

1506
00:57:56,230 --> 00:57:54,000
their bone loss beyond six months

1507
00:57:57,910 --> 00:57:56,240
we do know some things about it but they

1508
00:58:00,150 --> 00:57:57,920
did not have the same controls that we

1509
00:58:02,789 --> 00:58:00,160
have on station in terms of exercise

1510
00:58:06,230 --> 00:58:02,799
devices dietary controls and so forth so

1511
00:58:08,230 --> 00:58:06,240
it's very hard to draw conclusions

1512
00:58:10,309 --> 00:58:08,240
again what we're looking for is how are

1513
00:58:13,349 --> 00:58:10,319
we going to be able to maintain that

1514
00:58:16,230 --> 00:58:13,359
bone mass as we go all the way from

1515
00:58:18,549 --> 00:58:16,240
low earth orbit to maybe mars orbit and

1516
00:58:20,390 --> 00:58:18,559
to build that story we need to know what

1517
00:58:22,549 --> 00:58:20,400
kind of exercise

1518
00:58:24,630 --> 00:58:22,559
exercise devices we can take with us

1519
00:58:27,349 --> 00:58:24,640
what kind of dietary supplements whether

1520
00:58:29,349 --> 00:58:27,359
they exist or are sustained over long

1521
00:58:31,510 --> 00:58:29,359
periods of time

1522
00:58:34,630 --> 00:58:31,520
great thank you all for joining us today

1523
00:58:36,549 --> 00:58:34,640
um we will be back in about an hour at 3

1524
00:58:38,309 --> 00:58:36,559
30 pm eastern time to learn about a

1525
00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:38,319
couple more investigations that will be

1526
00:58:42,309 --> 00:58:39,760
conducted on the international space

1527
00:58:44,069 --> 00:58:42,319
station and delivered with this mission

1528
00:58:46,150 --> 00:58:44,079
with the launch tomorrow and then at 5

1529
00:58:47,910 --> 00:58:46,160
pm eastern we'll have the pre-launch

1530
00:58:49,270 --> 00:58:47,920
news conference

1531
00:58:51,030 --> 00:58:49,280
so you can follow along with our

1532
00:58:53,190 --> 00:58:51,040
researchers both

1533
00:58:55,030 --> 00:58:53,200
in orbit and these studies online at

1534
00:58:57,589 --> 00:58:55,040
nasa.gov

1535
00:59:00,390 --> 00:58:57,599
station and find all the news related to

1536
00:59:01,750 --> 00:59:00,400
the launch and the mission at nasa.gov